(a) Pleistocene - The beginning of the Pleistocene era was two million years ago from today. The weather and other geological changes of this era taught man to adapt to the environment.
(b) Hieroglyphic- Three types of scripts were in vogue in ancient Egypt. Among these, the hieroglyphic script was known as Devalipi.
(c) Citadel – The settlements in the Harappan cities were divided into two distinct zones. The city was divided into an elevated area, called a citadel, where the upper-class citizens of the society lived.
(D) Homo sapiens - The appearance of this modern human took place 2 lakh 30 thousand years ago. They knew how to eat meat by roasting it in a fire.
2. All ancient civilizations were born around the river - explain with examples.
Answer: The civilizations that developed in the ancient world were mainly on the banks of the river. Like the Indus Civilization on the banks of the Indus River, the Egyptian Civilization on the banks of the Nile River, the Mesopotamian and Babylonian Civilizations on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, the Chinese Civilization on the banks of the Hwangho (Hwangho) River. This was due to the following reasons -
1. Living facilities - The river plains are ideal for living and housing, so the settlements developed gradually.
2. Benefits of Agriculture - There were facilities for improved cultivation and production of various crops.
3. Animal Husbandry Facilities - Due to the easy availability of fodder for the animals, people started living on the banks of the river.
4. Benefits of trade and commerce - Boats were the main means of transport at that time. Trade and commerce were facilitated by waterways within or outside the country.
5. Communication facilities - Traveling by river in ancient times was easy and very fast.
6. Drinking water - In ancient times people used river water as water. The river was an inexhaustible source of drinking water.
Due to the above reasons great civilizations developed on the banks of the river.
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